Dear Readers,
Arsitektur adalah seni yang dilakukan oleh setiap individu untuk mengimajinasikan diri dan ilmu mereka dalam merancang bangunan. Dalam artian yang lebih luas, arsitektur mencakup merancang dan membangun keseluruhan lingkungan binaan, mulai dari level makro yaitu perencanaan kota, perancangan perkotaan, arsitektur lanskap, hingga ke level mikro yaitu desain bangunan, desain perabot dan desain produk. Arsitektur juga merujuk pada hasil-hasil proses perancangan tersebut.
Kata katedral berasal dari kata Latin cathedra (“tempat duduk” atau “kursi”), mengacu pada kursi atau tahta uskup atau uskup agung yang terdapat di dalam Katedral. Pada masa lampau, kursi merupakan lambang dari guru, dengan demikian kursi uskup melambangkan peran uskup sebagai guru. Kursi juga lambang dari kepemimpinan resmi seorang pejabat kehakiman, dan oleh karena itu kursi uskup melambangkan peran uskup dalam kepemimpinan sebuah keuskupan.
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Table of Contents
Teks Bahasa Inggris Tentang Arsitektur “Cathedrals” Lengkap Dengan Terjemahan dan Daftar Kosakata Baru
Cathedrals
A cathedral is a big church that is usually under the control of a bishop. It is usually the seat of a diocese, a church district headed by a bishop. Most cathedrals, especially medieval ones, are located in the center of a town or city. They served as the center of public life. Markets, meetings, and masses were held there.
Structure
Most cathedrals are built in the shape of a cross. The main entrance is at the west end at the bottom of the cross. There is a long central aisle called the nave and two side aisles. The arms of the cross are the transepts and meet the nave at the crossing. Towers and domes were often built over the crossing.
The altar and the seats for the choir are at the eastern end of the nave in front of the apse, which looks like a semi-circle.
Cathedrals have been built in almost every architectural style. But most of the famous European cathedrals were Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic or Renaissance. The greatest era of building happened in Europe between 1000 and 1500 A.D. Cathedrals were filled with carved sculptures. The walls had paintings and the windows were painted with scenes from the Bible and the lives of the saints.
Byzantine cathedrals
In the first centuries, A.D. the center of Christianity was around the city of Byzantium, which was later called Constantinople and is now Istanbul. Architecture in the Byzantine Empire was a combination of styles that came from the Middle East and ancient Rome. Hagia Sophia was one of the first Byzantine cathedrals.
Romanesque Cathedrals
As time went on the center of Christianity moved to Europe. Rome had become completely Christian other countries to the north also converted to Christianity. The new style came up at around 1000 A.D. Northern art began to influence traditional Roman art.
Gothic Cathedrals
By the 1100s people the Germanic peoples from the North – Germans, Goths, and Franks – dominated European Christianity. Their cathedrals were very tall as if they wanted to reach to heaven. Most of Europe’s famous Cathedrals are built in Gothic style but every region had its own style.
Renaissance Cathedrals
In the 1300s a new spirit began to grow in Italy. People were curious about new things and made new discoveries. The period was called Renaissance, which means rebirth. It was a time when the population wanted to know and learn things about classical Greece and Rome.
Renaissance architects looked back to the buildings and structures of ancient Rome and Greece. They mixed features of old and new architecture. St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome is one of the best examples of a Renaissance cathedral. The dome was designed by Michelangelo.
Famous cathedrals
Many cathedrals of Western Europe are famous for their great beauty. France is the home of some of the most beautiful cathedrals. St.Paul’s Cathedral in London and Canterbury Cathedral are England’s biggest churches. Other famous cathedrals in Europe are in Cologne, Milan, and Seville.
Many cathedrals in North America were built in the style of the great European cathedrals. Among the biggest are St. John the Divine and St. Patrick’s Cathedral – both in New York.
Daftar Kosa Kata (Vocabularies)
- A.D. = after the birth of Christ
- aisle = a long passage between rows of seats in a church, plane, theatre etc..
- apse = the curved inside east end of a church
- art = paintings, and drawings
- beauty = the quality of being beautiful
- carve = to make an object by cutting a piece of wood or stone
- century = a hundred years
- choir = a group of people who sing together
- Christianity = the religion based on the life and thoughts of Jesus Christ
- Cologne = city in Northern Germany, on the Rhine River
- convert = to change to a different religion
- cross = Christian sign
- curious = if you want to know a lot of things
- design = to make, plan
- diocese = the area that a bishop controls
- discovery = something that you find out which nobody else knew before
- Divine = coming from God
- dominate = to be in control of
- entrance = a big door that you go through to enter a place
- especially = above all, more than ever
- Franks = Germanic tribe that lived to the north and east of the Rhine River
- Goths = East Germanic tribe that came to Central Europe from somewhere in southern Scandinavia
- head = to be in control of
- heaven = place where we think that God lives and where good people go to when they die
- influence = to have an effect on
- located = situated, to be found
- mass = church ceremony that celebrates the last meal that Jesus Christ ate
- medieval = from the Middle Ages
- population = the people who live in a country or other place
- public life = everyday life
- saint = someone who is given a title by the church after they have died because they have done something very good or holy
- sculpture = an object made out of stone, wood or other materials
- seat = center, capital
- semi-circle = half of a circle
- serve = to have a function
- shape = form
- side aisle = the passage at the side of a church or cathedral
- spirit = feeling
- structure = construction, building
- transept = one of the two parts of a church that are built out from the main area to form a cross
Terjemahan
Katedral
Katedral adalah gereja besar yang biasanya di bawah kendali seorang uskup. Biasanya tempat duduk keuskupan, sebuah distrik gereja yang dipimpin oleh seorang uskup. Kebanyakan katedral, terutama yang abad pertengahan, terletak di pusat kota. Mereka melayani sebagai pusat kehidupan publik. Pasar, pertemuan, dan massa diadakan di sana.
Struktur
Kebanyakan katedral dibangun dalam bentuk salib. Pintu masuk utama adalah di ujung barat di bagian bawah salib. Ada lorong tengah panjang yang disebut lorong dan dua sisi lorong. Lengan salib adalah transept dan bertemu dengan nave di persimpangan. Menara dan kubah sering dibangun di atas persimpangan.
Altar dan tempat duduk untuk paduan suara berada di ujung timur nave di depan apse, yang terlihat seperti setengah lingkaran.
Katedral telah dibangun di hampir setiap gaya arsitektur. Tetapi sebagian besar katedral Eropa yang terkenal adalah Bizantium, Romawi, Gothic atau Renaissance. Era bangunan terbesar terjadi di Eropa antara 1000 dan 1500 Masehi. Katedral dipenuhi dengan pahatan berukir. Dindingnya memiliki lukisan dan jendela-jendela dicat dengan adegan-adegan dari Alkitab dan kehidupan orang-orang kudus.
Katedral Bizantium
Pada abad-abad pertama, A.D. pusat kekristenan adalah di sekitar kota Byzantium, yang kemudian disebut Konstantinopel dan sekarang Istanbul. Arsitektur di Kekaisaran Bizantium adalah kombinasi gaya yang berasal dari Timur Tengah dan Romawi kuno. Hagia Sophia adalah salah satu katedral Bizantium pertama.
Katedral Romawi
Seiring berjalannya waktu, pusat agama Kristen pindah ke Eropa. Roma telah menjadi benar-benar Kristen, negara-negara lain di utara juga menjadi Kristen. Gaya baru muncul sekitar 1000 Masehi. Seni utara mulai mempengaruhi seni Romawi tradisional.
Katedral Gotik
Pada tahun 1100-an orang-orang Jermanik dari Utara – Jerman, Goth, dan Frank – mendominasi agama Kristen Eropa. Katedral mereka sangat tinggi seolah-olah ingin mencapai surga. Sebagian besar Katedral Eropa yang terkenal dibangun dengan gaya Gotik tetapi setiap daerah memiliki gayanya sendiri.
Katedral Renaissance
Pada tahun 1300-an semangat baru mulai tumbuh di Italia. Orang-orang ingin tahu tentang hal-hal baru dan membuat penemuan baru. Periode itu disebut Renaissance, yang berarti kelahiran kembali. Itu adalah waktu ketika populasi ingin mengetahui dan mempelajari hal-hal tentang Yunani klasik dan Roma.
Arsitek Renaissance melihat kembali ke bangunan dan struktur Romawi kuno dan Yunani. Mereka menggabungkan fitur arsitektur lama dan baru. Katedral St. Peter di Roma adalah salah satu contoh terbaik dari katedral Renaisans. Kubah dirancang oleh Michelangelo.
Katedral terkenal
Banyak katedral di Eropa Barat terkenal dengan keindahannya yang luar biasa. Perancis adalah rumah dari beberapa katedral yang paling indah. Katedral St.Paul di London dan Katedral Canterbury adalah gereja-gereja terbesar di Inggris. Katedral terkenal lainnya di Eropa adalah di Cologne, Milan, dan Seville.
Banyak katedral di Amerika Utara dibangun dengan gaya katedral-katedral besar Eropa. Di antara yang terbesar adalah St John the Divine dan Katedral St. Patrick – keduanya di New York.
Demikian Teks Bahasa Inggris Tentang Arsitektur “Cathedrals” Lengkap Dengan Terjemahan dan Daftar Kosakata Baru.
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