Artikel Teks Bahasa Inggris Tentang Arsitektur “Mosques” Lengkap Dengan Terjemahan dan Daftar Kosakata Baru

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Arsitektur adalah seni yang dilakukan oleh setiap individu untuk mengimajinasikan diri dan ilmu mereka dalam merancang bangunan. Dalam artian yang lebih luas, arsitektur mencakup merancang dan membangun keseluruhan lingkungan binaan, mulai dari level makro yaitu perencanaan kota, perancangan perkotaan, arsitektur lanskap, hingga ke level mikro yaitu desain bangunan, desain perabot dan desain produk. Arsitektur juga merujuk pada hasil-hasil proses perancangan tersebut.

Masjid (bentuk tidak baku: mesjid) adalah rumah tempat ibadah umat Islam atau Muslim. Masjid artinya tempat sujud, dan sebutan lain bagi masjid di Indonesia adalah musholla, langgar atau surau. Istilah tersebut diperuntukkan bagi masjid yang tidak digunakan untuk Sholat Jum’at, dan umumnya berukuran kecil. Selain digunakan sebagai tempat ibadah, masjid juga merupakan pusat kehidupan komunitas muslim. Kegiatan-kegiatan perayaan hari besar, diskusi, kajian agama, ceramah dan belajar Al Qur’an sering dilaksanakan di Masjid. Bahkan dalam sejarah Islam, masjid turut memegang peranan dalam aktivitas sosial kemasyarakatan hingga kemiliteran. Masjid berarti tempat beribadah. Akar kata dari masjid adalah sajada di mana sajada berarti sujud atau tunduk. Kata masjid sendiri berakar dari bahasa Aram. Kata masgid (m-s-g-d) ditemukan dalam sebuah inskripsi dari abad ke 5 Sebelum Masehi. Kata masgid (m-s-g-d) ini berarti “tiang suci” atau “tempat sembahan”. Kata masjid dalam bahasa Inggris disebut mosque. Kata mosque ini berasal dari kata mezquita dalam bahasa Spanyol. Dan kata mosque kemudian menjadi populer dan dipakai dalam bahasa Inggris secara luas.

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Teks Bahasa Inggris Tentang Arsitektur “Mosques” Lengkap Dengan Terjemahan dan Daftar Kosakata Baru

Mosques

A mosque is a place where Muslims worship and pray to God. Some mosques are also places where Muslims get together and discuss things or where religious education takes place. In some countries, mosques also serve political purposes and imams discuss political issues.

Mosques date back to the seventh century when they first emerged on the Arabian Peninsula. For centuries towns formed around this central building. Mosques have different sizes and shapes depending on which part of the world they are in. The most famous mosques are in Turkey and the Middle East. The best examples are the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, The Grand Mosque of Mecca or the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina.

History

The model for building mosques was Mohammad’s house in Medina, constructed in the 7th century. After his death mosques became important symbols of Islam. During the Middle Ages, they were built wherever Arabs settled.

They spread quickly throughout northern Africa and southern Europe, as far as Spain. By the 15th century, Islam had spread to Asia, where it became the dominant religion on the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. During the Ottoman, Empire Turks converted to Islam and many great mosques were built in Istanbul and other cities. With the Muslim population spreading to the Balkans mosques have become widespread in many cities and towns in Greece, Albania, Serbia, and Bosnia.

Religious functions of a mosque

A mosque is basically a house of prayer but during history, it has acquired many other religious functions. Adult Muslims must pray five times a day. While normal prayers can be said anywhere, Muslim men should pray in mosques on Fridays.

During the holy month of Ramadan other events take place in mosques. Some mosques offer dinners after sunset or breakfast before sunrise. During the last days of Ramadan, some mosques hold all night prayers. Since Muslims are required to give money to charity they often donate it at mosques.

The political influence of a mosque

In the course of the 20th century, mosques have served political purposes. As conflicts between western society and the Muslim world rose, mosques were used to preach peace and understanding among religions.

Mosques are often the center of social conflicts. In the past decades series of bombs have exploded in mosques all over the world. Al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations have repeatedly used mosques as a place to recruit and train radical Muslims.

In the 1960s Saudi Arabia started financing the construction of mosques around the world in an attempt to spread Islam. With petrodollars that the country has received in the last decades, Saudis can afford to share their wealth with others, especially poor Muslims.

Parts of a Mosque

Arab mosques usually have a square or rectangular layout with a courtyard in the middle. The first mosques had flat roofs on top of the prayer halls. Later on, Islamic architecture focused on domes and arched entrances. The Ottomans introduced mosques with a central dome over the prayer hall in the 15th century.

A common feature of many mosques is a minaret, a tall thin tower that is usually located at one of the corners. They were designed to make mosques as big as Christian churches, with their bell towers. From the minaret, a muezzin announces the praying time to worshippers.

The prayer hall normally does not have any benches or chairs. Worshippers pray in rows facing Mecca. There are no statues or pictures on the walls. Some mosques show verses of the Koran on the walls to assist worshippers. Many prayer halls have columns that uphold the roof. Every mosque has a mihrab, a niche in the wall that points to Mecca. From a pulpit, or minbar, the religious leader of the mosque, the imam delivers his speech.

In the course of time mosques became bigger and attained other functions. Today there are rooms for social gatherings, health clinics, libraries or gymnasiums.

Rules and How to Behave in a Mosque

There are many rules that worshippers must obey when they are in a mosque. In most mosques, a religious leader, called imam, is in charge of praying, but in smaller mosques prayers may be said by ordinary Muslims.

Muslims must clean themselves before they enter a mosque. There are washing areas where they can wash their hands and face before entering the prayer hall. The floors of such a hall are normally covered with a carpet. It is not allowed to step on it with shoes.

Loud talking in a mosque is forbidden. It is also disrespectful to walk in front of Muslims who are praying.

Traditionally men and women are separated in mosques, although the Quran does not say anything about separation. Sometimes the women pray in rows behind the men, but more often they stay at home and pray.

Most mosques in bigger cities are open to tourists, but they too must obey the strict rules. You must wear clothes that do not offend Allah. Women are required to wear clothes that cover their body to their ankles and wrist. In some areas, mosques are only open to Muslims.

Daftar Kosa Kata (Vocabularies)

• acquire = get
• adult = grown-up person; not a child
• although = while
• ankle = moveable part between your foot and your leg
• announce = to say officially
• arched entrance = a large door with a curved top
• assist = help
• attain = get
• attempt = try
• basically = in general, normally
• bench = long seats for people to sit on
• carpet = woven material that covers floors
• century = a hundred years
• charity = organizations that help poor people
• column = tall stone used to hold up the roof of a building
• common = popular, widespread
• construct = build
• convert = change to
• courtyard = open space in the middle of a large building
• date back = go back to
• decade = a period of ten years
• deliver = give
• depend on = based on
• dome = round roof on a building
• dominant = most important
• donate = give
• emerge = appear, can be seen
• especially = above all
• focus = concentrate on
• gathering = meeting
• gymnasium = special building or room where you can do physical exercise
• imam = a Muslim religious leader or priest
• in the course of = during
• issue = topic
• library = place where you can borrow books for a certain time
• niche = a small place in the wall where you can put something
• obey = follow
• offend = hurt
• ordinary = normal
• Ottoman Empire = large empire with its center in Turkey; it consisted of large parts of the Middle East, Northern Africa and the southeastern part of Europe; it started in the 13th century and lasted until World War I
• peninsula = piece of land that has water on three sides
• petrodollars = money earned by selling oil
• population = the people who live in a country
• pray = to say words to god
• preach = to talk about a religious subject in a place where many people meet
• pulpit = raised structure in a church or mosque where the religious leader speaks to the people
• purpose = idea, function
• Ramadan = the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which Muslims do not eat or drink a day
• recruit = to find people who will work for someone
• rectangular = shape with four straight sides, two of which are longer than the other two
• repeatedly = over and over again
• require = have to
• row = line
• rule = law
• separate = divide, split up
• serve = to have a job or a task
• settle = to start living in a new place
• share = to use together with others
• social conflicts = problems that groups of people have with each other
• spread = move to
• strict = something that you must do
• throughout = in all of
• traditionally = things that have been done for a long time
• understanding = the way of knowing what other people do and want
• wealth = richness
• widespread = common, popular
• worship = to show respect and love for a god
• wrist = moveable part between your hand and your arm

Terjemahan

Masjid

Masjid adalah tempat di mana umat Islam menyembah dan berdoa kepada Tuhan. Beberapa masjid juga merupakan tempat berkumpulnya umat Islam dan mendiskusikan berbagai hal atau di mana pendidikan agama berlangsung. Di beberapa negara, masjid juga melayani tujuan politik dan para imam mendiskusikan masalah-masalah politik.

Masjid tanggal kembali ke abad ketujuh ketika mereka pertama kali muncul di Semenanjung Arab. Selama berabad-abad kota terbentuk di sekitar gedung pusat ini. Masjid memiliki ukuran dan bentuk yang berbeda tergantung di bagian dunia mana mereka berada. Masjid yang paling terkenal adalah di Turki dan Timur Tengah. Contoh terbaik adalah Masjid Biru di Istanbul, Masjidil Haram Mekah atau Masjid Nabi di Madinah.

Sejarah

Model untuk membangun masjid adalah rumah Mohammad di Madinah, dibangun pada abad ke-7. Setelah kematiannya, masjid menjadi simbol penting Islam. Selama Abad Pertengahan, mereka dibangun di mana pun orang Arab menetap.

Mereka menyebar dengan cepat ke seluruh Afrika utara dan Eropa selatan, sampai ke Spanyol. Pada abad ke-15, Islam telah menyebar ke Asia, di mana ia menjadi agama yang dominan di pulau Jawa dan Sumatra di Indonesia. Selama Ottoman, Kekaisaran Turki masuk Islam dan banyak masjid besar dibangun di Istanbul dan kota-kota lain. Dengan populasi Muslim yang menyebar ke Balkan, masjid telah tersebar luas di banyak kota di Yunani, Albania, Serbia, dan Bosnia.

Fungsi keagamaan sebuah masjid

Masjid pada dasarnya adalah rumah doa tetapi selama sejarah, masjid telah memperoleh banyak fungsi keagamaan lainnya. Umat Islam dewasa harus sholat lima waktu sehari. Sementara sholat biasa dapat diucapkan di mana saja, pria Muslim harus shalat di masjid pada hari Jumat.

Selama bulan suci Ramadhan, acara lainnya berlangsung di masjid. Beberapa masjid menawarkan makan malam setelah matahari terbenam atau sarapan sebelum matahari terbit. Selama hari-hari terakhir Ramadhan, beberapa masjid mengadakan sholat semalaman. Karena Muslim diharuskan memberikan uang untuk amal, mereka sering menyumbangkannya di masjid.

Pengaruh politik masjid

Selama abad ke-20, masjid telah melayani tujuan politik. Ketika konflik antara masyarakat barat dan dunia Muslim meningkat, masjid digunakan untuk mengabarkan perdamaian dan pemahaman di antara agama-agama.

Masjid sering menjadi pusat konflik sosial. Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir serangkaian bom telah meledak di masjid-masjid di seluruh dunia. Al Qaeda dan organisasi teroris lainnya telah berulang kali menggunakan masjid sebagai tempat untuk merekrut dan melatih Muslim radikal.

Pada 1960-an Arab Saudi mulai membiayai pembangunan masjid di seluruh dunia dalam upaya untuk menyebarkan Islam. Dengan petrodolar yang telah diterima negara ini dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, Saudi mampu berbagi kekayaan mereka dengan orang lain, terutama Muslim miskin.

Bagian dari Masjid

Masjid-masjid Arab biasanya memiliki tata letak persegi atau persegi panjang dengan halaman di tengahnya. Masjid-masjid pertama memiliki atap datar di atas aula. Kemudian, arsitektur Islam fokus pada kubah dan pintu masuk melengkung. Ottoman memperkenalkan masjid dengan kubah utama di atas aula shalat di abad ke-15.

Fitur umum dari banyak masjid adalah sebuah menara, menara tipis tinggi yang biasanya terletak di salah satu sudut. Mereka dirancang untuk membuat masjid sebesar gereja Kristen, dengan menara lonceng mereka. Dari menara, muazin mengumumkan waktu sholat kepada para penyembah.

Ruang doa biasanya tidak memiliki bangku atau kursi. Para jamaah berdoa dalam barisan menghadap ke Mekah. Tidak ada patung atau gambar di dinding. Beberapa masjid menunjukkan ayat-ayat Alquran di dinding untuk membantu jamaah. Banyak ruang doa memiliki kolom yang menjunjung tinggi atap. Setiap masjid memiliki mihrab, ceruk di dinding yang mengarah ke Mekah. Dari mimbar, atau minbar, pemimpin agama masjid, imam menyampaikan pidatonya.

Dalam perjalanan waktu, masjid menjadi lebih besar dan mencapai fungsi lainnya. Saat ini ada ruang untuk pertemuan sosial, klinik kesehatan, perpustakaan atau gimnasium.

Aturan dan Cara Berperilaku di Masjid

Ada banyak aturan yang harus dipatuhi jamaah ketika mereka berada di masjid. Di sebagian besar masjid, seorang pemimpin agama, yang disebut imam, bertugas berdoa, tetapi di masjid-masjid yang lebih kecil, doa dapat dikatakan oleh umat Islam pada umumnya.

Umat Muslim harus membersihkan diri sebelum memasuki masjid. Ada area mencuci di mana mereka dapat mencuci tangan dan wajah mereka sebelum memasuki aula doa. Lantai aula seperti itu biasanya ditutupi dengan karpet. Tidak diperbolehkan menginjaknya dengan sepatu.

Berbicara keras di masjid dilarang. Juga tidak sopan berjalan di depan orang-orang Muslim yang sedang shalat.

Secara tradisional pria dan wanita dipisahkan di masjid-masjid, meskipun Quran tidak mengatakan apa-apa tentang pemisahan. Terkadang para wanita berdoa dalam barisan di belakang para pria, tetapi lebih sering mereka tinggal di rumah dan berdoa.

Sebagian besar masjid di kota-kota besar terbuka untuk turis, tetapi mereka juga harus mematuhi aturan ketat. Anda harus mengenakan pakaian yang tidak menyinggung Allah. Wanita diwajibkan mengenakan pakaian yang menutupi tubuh mereka sampai ke pergelangan kaki dan pergelangan tangan. Di beberapa daerah, masjid hanya terbuka untuk Muslim.

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